The closed-pore structure can be tuned by carbonization temperature, enabling a reversible low-potential plateau that boosts lithium-ion battery capacity while maintaining cycling stability. Electrospinning PAN protective layers, optimized via voltage control, improve lithium-ion transport and plating uniformity. The high-entropy ionic liquid shows excellent compatibility with NMC811 and Si–C electrodes, significantly enhancing battery safety. The performance of these materials ca be evaluated in the small pouch cell.

Through structural design of hard carbon precursors, a reversible lithium-ion storage capacity of 680 mAh/g was achieved. The electrospinning protective layer maintained lithium thickness near theoretical values after extended plating, enabling precise control of lithium metal deposition. Meanwhile, the high-entropy ionic liquid enhanced battery safety without sacrificing capacity or cycle life. The 1 Ah pouch-cell platform validates the practical applicability of these combined innovations. Dual prelithiated silicon oxide (SiOx) materials can achieve an initial coulombic efficiency exceeding 96% and a specific capacity of 1600 mAh g⁻¹, enabling the use of fully SiOx-based anodes for practical lithium-ion battery design and applications

Li-ion batteries of the next generation, high-performance Na-ion batteries, Li-ion capacitors, and Na-ion capacitors for the battery back unit (BBU) in the AI servers.