Our cryo-CMOS qubit controller consists of a digital control circuit, an I/Q numerically controlled oscillator, a high-speed digital-to-analog converter, an 18-GHz mixer, and a balun. The architecture provides programmable control of the output signal for manipulating qubit states. This technology plays a pivotal role in replacing room-temperature electronics for a large-scale quantum computer.

Unlike room-temperature electronics, cryo-CMOS works directly at cryogenic temperatures, which complicates its design principles. A successful design that integrates digital, analog, and RF circuits improves qubit control and fidelity and makes quantum processors efficiently scalable. Designing a compact cryo-CMOS qubit controller thus paves the way toward practical large-scale quantum computers.

Cryo-CMOS enables scalable, energy-efficient quantum control at cryogenic temperatures, reducing wiring, signal loss, and costs. It technically, economically accelerates the commercialization of quantum computers and also has applications in sensors and communication. With Taiwan’s semiconductor industries, this technique can be one of the driving forces behind Taiwan quantum computing technology.